Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cell that are derived from a donor other than the patient receiving the cells. One of the unique properties of allogeneic MSCs is that they do not express human leukocyte antigens (HLA), which are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between self and non-self-cells. This lack of HLA expression makes allogeneic MSCs an attractive option for use in cell-based therapies, as they are less likely to be rejected by the patient's immune system.

The reason allogeneic MSCs do not express HLA antigens is related to the way these cells are derived from the donor. MSCs are typically isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, or umbilical cord tissue. These cells are then expanded in culture, which allows for the generation of a large number of cells for therapeutic use. During this expansion process, the cells are exposed to a variety of environmental conditions, such as changes in temperature, oxygen levels, and the presence of certain growth factors. These conditions can lead to changes in the genetic makeup of the cells, including the silencing of certain genes, such as those that code for HLA antigens.

Another reason why allogeneic MSCs do not express HLA antigens is that they have a low level of genetic expression. MSCs are considered to be "immortal" cells, meaning that they can divide indefinitely without losing their ability to differentiate into various cell types. This immortality is due to the fact that MSCs have a low level of genetic expression, which means that they do not activate the genes that are responsible for HLA expression.

In addition to their lack of HLA expression, allogeneic MSCs also have immune-modulatory properties, meaning that they can suppress the immune response. They can release a variety of cytokines, which are small signaling molecules that can influence the behavior of other cells. These cytokines can influence the activity of immune cells such as T-cells and macrophages, which can help to dampen the immune response and prevent the rejection of the transplanted cells.

Overall, the lack of HLA expression in allogeneic MSCs is a crucial factor that makes them an attractive option for use in cell-based therapies. Their ability to differentiate into various cell types, combined with their lack of HLA expression and immune-modulatory properties, make them a promising option for treating a wide range of diseases and conditions. However, it is important to note that there is still ongoing research to fully understand the mechanisms behind the lack of HLA expression in allogeneic MSCs and how to optimize their use in cell-based therapies.

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