Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurological disease that affects body movements and coordination. In this disease, symptoms tend to start slowly, you might take them as slight tremors,  but with time, they worsen. 

The characteristic feature of Parkinson’s Disease is hand tremors. In the initial phase of PD, the patient’s face might be asymptomatic. However, your arms may stop swinging with time while you walk, and speech can become blurry and unclear. Parkinson’s is a progressive disease that becomes worse with time if left untreated. There has been no permanent cure until now, but a few innovative researchers are claiming an exceptional prognosis for the disease.

In this disease, our neurons start to die gradually due to different factors in the body. Dopamine is the chemical messenger present in the brain which is responsible for the normal activity of the brain and its control. In Parkinson’s Disease, the dopamine messenger undergoes a few abnormalities, preventing the brain from functioning properly. Improper functioning of the brain causes impaired movements, uncontrolled shaking, and tremors of the body parts.

• Environmental factors: Toxins and chemical exposure can increase the risk of PD. However, in comparison to other causes, environmental factors have less contribution to its development.

• Lewy body formation: Lewy bodies are the aggregation of different proteins and cells that hinder the proper functioning of the brain. A protein such as Alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies, which is non-breakable by the brain cells. Lewy body formation is one of the most significant causes of Parkinson’s Disease.

• Genetic predisposition: According to researchers, specific genetic mutations can also cause it. However, the genetic transfer of the disease is less common than the various other causes. Certain variations and modifications in genes can cause an increased risk of PD in the following generations.

Parkinson’s Disease has the most unique and characteristic features, which can differentiate it from other diseases. You may not notice any signs and symptoms in the initial phases, but they start to appear with time. 

The cardinal features of PD are:

TRAP as:

• Tremors: Tremors are the uncontrolled movements and repeated shaking of the hands, fingers, and limbs (outside the voluntary control). At the rest position, you can also notice the tremors and shaking movements. Pill-rolling tremor is the most prevalent type of tremor in Parkinson’s disease.

• Rigidity: Rigidity is another cardinal feature of Parkinson’s Disease. Muscle stiffness begins in the later stages of the disease, which can affect any body part and its movement.

• Akinesia (bradykinesia): Bradykinesia is the slowness of movement or gait. In PD, the patient may have reduced speed for walking. It can be time-consuming for the patient to take a few steps. However, festinating gait is the key feature of Parkinson’s Disease, a short and multiple steps walking pattern of the individual. It is difficult for Parkinson’s patients to get up from the chair. They face difficulty in both starting and stopping their walk. In both events, patients need an external stimulus to either initiate or stop walking.

• Postural imbalances: Most of the time, patients come with a low or stooped posture, which can change the centre of gravity and increase the risk of falls.

• Other symptoms: Other symptoms of PD may include micrographia (hard to write and writing may seem smaller than normal) and speech changes.

The most common treatment of Parkinson’s Disease is through medications such as:

• Inhaled carbidopa-levodopa

• Carbidopa-levodopa

• Carbidopa-levodopa (infusion)

• Dopamine agonists

• Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors

• MAO B inhibitors

• Anticholinergics

• Amantadine

However, medications, exercises and rehabilitation programs are also vital for Parkinson's patients.

Stem Cells are immature cells that differentiate into specialized cells found in our bodies. These cells have two categories: Adult Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells. These categories differ from each other based on their potential to differentiate into specific cells like bone, muscles, neurons, skin, etc. 

In Parkinson’s Disease, Stem Cells help with careful observation of: 

• disease patterns, 

• mechanism of nerve cells repair, 

• development of neurons, 

• replacement procedures in the cells

With the help of SCT, it is possible to replace all the damaged cells present in the brain by administering healthy dopamine cells. These healthy cells are the derivatives of the Stem Cells either from the mesenchymal cells, umbilical cord, or other sources.

In PD, iPS (induced pluripotent stem cells) can significantly regenerate the brain cells. Stem Cell Therapy works in Parkinson’s Disease by producing the neural cells in the brain. These Stem Cells are inserted inside the putamen, the brain area, to control the body's movements.

Neurological Diseases have a high rate of fatality and incapacitation, which prevents the proper functioning of different parts of the brain. Stroke, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's Disease are the most common neurological disorders, which can cause severe damage to brain tissues and cells. The traditional treatment of these diseases consists of endovascular thrombectomy (ET), IV-tPA (intravenous tissue plasminogen activator), and other medications. 

One of the modern treatment techniques for neurological disorders is the use of Exosomes along with Stem Cell Therapy. According to the research data, exosomes can improve angiogenesis, ischemic boundary zone neurogenesis, neurite remodeling, and synaptic plasticity. Many researchers claim that the conjunction of Stem Cell Therapy and Exosomes can upgrade the functional, tissue levels, and even cellular recovery in individuals with neurological diseases and damages. 

Intravenous mesenchymal stem cells, along with exosomes administration, can help with improved white matter integrity by inducing different responses post-stroke as:

• Oligodendrogenesis

• Remyelination

• Axonal sprouting

Moreover, Exosomes also enhance the expression of microRNAs such as miR-133b, miR-210, miR-184, and miR-17-92 clusters. These microRNAs have neuroprotective properties, which aid in the good prognosis of the disease.